战后艺术

在英文语境之下,每每读到对抽象概念的精确的具象化描述的尝试总让令我折服,让我觉得抽象的概念其实原来也并不是那么无厘头的嘛。纽约 Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum 2019 年夏季新展 Artistic License: Six Takes on the Guggenheim Collection 上一段介绍性文字将战后艺术(postwar art)描述为「一套因战后暴戾与破坏而生的实验性艺术语言」的文字仿佛直击这一类艺术作品的存在目的。

The term postwar art has most typically been used to describe art created in the aftermath of World War II within a North American or Western European context. The advent of the atomic age – initiated by the United States’ bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945-and the atrocities of the Holocaust, perpetuated by Adolf Hitler’s Third Reich, challenged artists and intellectuals to invent new languages and forms that could respond to the un-representable. The disjunction between Western ideologies and the realities of violence and devastation led many European and North American artists to embrace non-Western aesthetics and modes of thought.

In the visual arts, abstraction provided an experimental vocabulary with which to signify the magnitude of destruction caused by the war and the gravity of horrors unleashed by the nuclear bomb. It also offered artists an openended approach to envisioning other psychic or emotional states, as a respite and refuge from the harsh realities of the present. Simultaneously, figuration and performance art flourished, as artists sought to portray the radical fragmentation of the body-a result of the violence wrought against it and the environment, the cityscape, and the countryside. Art offered both a critique of and an escape from a war-weary world.

并不是因为创作于 1950–1970 它们才叫做战后艺术。

这样精炼表述之美,大概就是艺术史之美吧。

百科、博物馆、艺术史:一个微缩的平行世界

之前试着做维基百科类的网站词条的时候,就意识到:那种写完一个词条时的成就感,很大程度上与构建世界的成就感非常相似,只不过这个被构建的世界是个在虚拟空间的平行世界。在这个平行世界中的物件与我们所生活的现实世界的物体的子集有个映射的关系,而这虚拟世界中物体的关系由我们通过超链接编织而成。

今天读 Donald Preziosi 的《艺术史的艺术:批评读本》(The Art of Art History: A Critical Anthology)的时候看到编者 1998 年撰写的开篇文章 Art History: Making the Visible Legible 中提到

Art history and museology traditionally fabricated histories of form as surrogates for or parallels to histories of persons or peoples: narrative stagings which served (on the model of forensic laboratory science) to illustrate, demonstrate, and delineate significant aspects of the character, level of civilization, or degree of social or cognitive advancement or decline of an individual or nation.

也意识到这种对于平行世界的构建同时也在博物馆学和艺术史学中存在,同样的,在百科构建中也会有类似于博物馆中「策展」(curation)过程的遴选所带来的对世界的一种「负责任」的支配感。

许多玩家在我的世界(Minecraft)等模拟类游戏中也能找到类似的乐趣。

对方法论的讨论实在是件有趣的事呢。

从三维到二维

Robert BringhurstPalatino: The Natural History of a Typeface 第 96 页中准备结束对凸版letterpress)时代的叙述,并开启后续章节对照排photographic)与数字(或桌面)印刷时代的介绍:

Every font in the Palatino family produced through 1962 was three dimensional, intended for use in a letterpress. Every font in the family made after that date was photographic or digital — and was, in either case, designed for a printed page that has no sculptural dimension.

这本书前半部分给我留下最深印象之一部分的,就是这从三维到二维的过渡。几乎完全成长于数字印刷时代的笔者,很难理解三维造字时代铁与火的浪漫——以至于当字谈字畅播客中多次从铅字出发的时候极难做到感同身受。而在阅读《Palatino》一书之时,大量图片给了我真切的印象:不只是印刷品,之前那些“看得见、摸得着”的立方块也是是曾经的印刷产品的一部分。如果从多层的角度讲,像现在的许多字体属性,曾经是通过一层金属体现出来的,当然现在,仅仅剩下了一个一维变化的数字。这个从立体到平面印刷的剧变之后,整个行业的设计师,是整整少了一个维度的限制、也整整少了一个维度的设计需求。

这是读《Palatino》一书给我留下深刻印象的几点之一。当时在地铁上读到这里,就想认真地把它留下来,而不是随着还书把他忘掉。总体而言,不得不说《Palatino》从某种程度上是改变当代字体爱好者认识的极其难能可贵的历史课本。

十三世纪创作中的的竞争与协作

可能因为距今太久,早期文化史上留下的几乎都是一个个独立的名字,而要说他们之间的交流,似乎就应当是效率很低的信件为主。我们也就当然地认为,早期的进步只需要一个个独立个体推动,而晚近的进步则是需要越来越多的人协作。然而,最近在读到《詹森艺术史》(Janson’s History of Art)中谈及构建位于 Assisi 的 Basilica of San Francesco 的部分时提到,工匠们绘制壁画的过程中实际上是一起工作,相互竞争,相互影响的:

Since many painters worked in the same space, they competed with and influenced each other, thus affecting the future direction of Italian art.

让我意识到此前想法的无知。或许当时有很多人一同推动进步,只不过是他们的名字没有留下来罢了。

共同的工作与竞争的空间可能还真是一个促进进步的重要因素。